Upheaval buckling occurs in pipelines operating at high temperature and high pressure, HTHP. The driving force is due to axial compressive force in the fully constrained pipeline when the increase of temperature or pressure. Residual lay tension and partially constrained pipeline on the other hand reduces the axial compressive force.
For partially constrained pipeline, the elbow connecting the riser and pipeline is free to expand towards platform. The value of residual lay tension is normally between 0 to 20% of lay barge laying tension.
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